Diagnosis, Laboratory

Electronic books

Remote;text;Intro -- THE SCIENCE OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Second Edition -- Contents -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the second edition -- Contributors list -- SECTION 1 HISTOPATHOLOGY -- 1 Specimen handling and preparation for routine diagnostic histopathology -- Introduction -- Specimen management systems -- Specimen receipt and handling -- Fixation and decalcification -- Tissue processing and embedding -- Microtomy -- Special techniques -- Further reading -- Acknowledgements -- 2 General stains -- Why stain? -- Basic staining mechanisms -- Common staining methods -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- Acknowledgements -- 3 Enzyme histochemistry -- Introduction -- Structure and classification -- Preservation and preparation -- Histochemical techniques -- Diagnostic applications of enzyme histochemistry -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Immunohistochemistry -- Introduction -- Direct methods -- Indirect methods -- Multi-stage methods -- Applications of immunohistochemistry -- Quality control -- Automation -- Imaging -- Further reading -- 5 Electron microscopy in pathology -- Introduction -- Principles of EM technique and organization -- Applications of transmission electron microscopy -- Specialized techniques and procedures -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- 6 Light microscopy -- Introduction -- Basic microscope design -- Types of microscopy -- Photomicrography -- Further reading -- 7 Quantitative methods in tissue pathology -- Introduction -- Methods -- Applications of measurement in diagnostic pathology -- Automation in tissue histology -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- 8 Proliferation markers in histopathology -- Introduction -- Proliferation markers -- Practical use of markers -- Method of evaluation -- In conclusion -- Further reading -- SECTION 2 CYTOLOGY -- 9 Cytopathology -- Introduction.;Types of cytology specimen -- Smearing techniques -- Specimen fixation -- Cell concentration techniques -- Staining methods -- Cytodiagnosis -- Cytomorphology -- Accuracy and limitations of cytology -- Gynaecological cytopathology and cervical screening -- Quality assurance in diagnostic cytology -- Further reading -- SECTION 3 MICROBIOLOGY - BACTERIOLOGY -- 10 Microscopy in bacteriology: application and sample preparation -- Introduction -- Light microscopy -- Fluorescence microscopy -- Specimens for microscopy -- Examination of unstained specimens by transmitted light -- Examination of unstained specimens using darkground illumination -- Staining of specimens -- Further reading -- 11 Culture media in bacteriology -- Culture media in microbiology -- Formulation of culture media -- Enrichment and selection in fluid media -- Chemically defined culture media versus complex undefined media -- Growth environmental factors -- Water activity (a(w)) -- Storage of culture media -- Quality tests -- The future of culture media -- Quantal microbiology -- Further reading -- 12 Identification of bacteria -- Introduction -- Direct identification -- Identification following culture -- Identification of bacteria of medical importance -- Further reading -- 13 Automated tests in bacteriology -- Introduction -- Blood culture systems -- Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and identification systems -- Urine screening systems -- Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems for mycobacteria -- Comment -- Further reading -- 14 Bacteriology molecular techniques: sample preparation and application -- The need for molecular methods -- Sample preparation -- Amplification -- Quality control -- Current practice -- Epidemiology and typing -- Problems with molecular methods -- Future application -- Further reading -- 15 Other tests in bacteriology.;Introduction -- Tests for antibody -- Tests for Antigen -- Antigen-specific immune complex testing -- Other tests -- Future developments -- Further reading -- 16 Control of antimicrobial chemotherapy -- Introduction -- General principles of laboratory control of chemotherapy -- Sensitivity testing -- Automation -- Hospital control and clinical liaison -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- SECTION 4 MICROBIOLOGY - VIROLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY -- 17 Microscopy in virology: application and sample preparation -- Introduction -- Histopathology: inclusion bodies and multinucleate giant cells -- Virology -- Immunofluorescence -- Microscopic examination of cell cultures -- Developments -- Acknowledgements -- Further reading -- 18 Electron microscopy in virology -- Introduction -- Methods -- Uses of electron microscopy -- Virology laboratory -- Rapid emergency response -- Newly emerging viruses -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 19 Tissue culture -- Introduction -- Choice of cell cultures -- Preparation of cell cultures -- Clinical specimens for virus isolation -- Identification of virus growth -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 20 Serological tests in virology -- Introduction -- Principles -- Techniques -- Interpretation and use of serological tests -- Future of serology -- Further reading -- 21 Automated tests in virology -- Introduction -- How automation works in the diagnostic laboratory -- Should the Laboratory Automate? -- Other developments in automation -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 22 Molecular techniques in virology -- Introduction -- Nucleic acid amplification techniques -- Sequence analysis -- Summary -- Further reading -- 23 Virology: other tests -- Detection of prion infection -- Diagnosis -- Antiviral susceptibility tests -- Cell-mediated immunity -- Further reading -- 24 Mycology -- Introduction -- Microscopic examination.;Culture -- Identification -- Serological tests -- New directions in diagnosis -- Further reading -- 25 Parasitology -- Introduction -- Microscopy -- Wet mounts -- Films and smears -- Histopathology -- Fluorescence -- Electron microscopy -- Culture -- Animal infection -- Xenodiagnosis -- Serology -- Molecular methods -- Further reading -- SECTION 5 HAEMATOLOGY -- 26 Blood cell and bone marrow morphology -- Peripheral blood morphology -- Examination of bone marrow and bone marrow morphology -- Non-haemopoietic cells and parasites in blood and marrow -- Further reading -- 27 Principles of automated blood cell counters -- Introduction -- Hb measurement -- Red cell measurements -- Reticulocyte and nucleated RBC measurement -- Nucleated RBCs -- White cell measurements -- Further reading -- 28 Methods for the identification of the haemoglobinopathies -- Introduction -- Screening techniques -- Laboratory diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies and thalassaemias -- Detection, identification and quantitation of haemglobinopathies -- Acknowledgements -- Further reading -- 29 Special von Willebrand factor investigations -- Introduction -- Phenotypic tests -- Genotypic tests for mutation identification -- Further reading -- 30 Platelet investigations -- Introduction -- Structure and function -- Platelet counting -- Platelet antibodies -- Bleeding time -- Platelet adhesion -- Investigations of platelet aggregation -- Platelet function analyser PFA-100 -- Investigations into platelet release -- Flow cytometry -- Thromboelastogram -- Further reading -- 31 A hospital transfusion service -- Blood group identification -- Methods for blood grouping -- Antibody screening -- Cross-matching -- Transfusion practice -- Further reading -- 32 Flow cytometry and molecular biology in haematology -- Introduction -- Flow cytometry and immunophenotyping.;Assessment of platelet function by flow cytometry -- Molecular biology in haematology -- Summary -- Further reading -- 33 Haematinic investigations -- Cobalamin (vitamin B(12)) and folate -- Iron -- Summary -- Further reading -- 34 Laboratory investigation of haemolysis -- Introduction -- Clinical features -- Haemolytic disorders -- Endpiece -- Further reading -- 35 Laboratory investigation of haemostasis -- Introduction -- Prothrombin time -- Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) -- Thrombin time -- Reptilase time -- Fibrinogen -- D-dimer assays and FDPs -- Factor assays -- Markers of activated coagulation -- Automated coagulation -- Further reading -- SECTION 6 CYTOGENETICS -- 36 Chromosome banding and analysis -- Introduction -- Chromosome banding -- Chromosome analysis -- Further reading -- 37 Fluorescence in situ hybridization -- Choice of probe -- Labelling of probes -- Hybridization -- Detection of hybridized probe -- Applications in basic research -- Applications in medical genetics -- Applications in cancer diagnosis and research -- Further reading -- SECTION 7 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY -- 38 Acquisition, uses and interpretation of clinical biochemical data -- Introduction -- Sample collection and analysis -- The interpretation of laboratory data -- Evidence-based clinical biochemistry -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- 39 Immunoassay in clinical biochemistry -- Introduction -- Assay design -- Assay conditions and calibrators -- Labels -- Homogeneous assays -- Separation methods -- Automation -- Miniaturization -- Calculation of results -- Accuracy and precision -- Quality control -- Specificity, cross-reactivity and interference -- High-dose hook effect -- Further reading -- 40 Ion-selective electrodes -- Introduction -- Theory -- Specificity-how electrodes are made selective -- Electrochemical reactions -- Glucose electrodes.;Electrochemical detectors.

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Intro -- THE SCIENCE OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Second Edition -- Contents -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the second edition -- Contributors list -- SECTION 1 HISTOPATHOLOGY -- 1 Specimen handling and preparation for routine diagnostic histopathology -- Introduction -- Specimen management systems -- Specimen receipt and handling -- Fixation and decalcification -- Tissue processing and embedding -- Microtomy -- Special techniques -- Further reading -- Acknowledgements -- 2 General stains -- Why stain? -- Basic staining mechanisms -- Common staining methods -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- Acknowledgements -- 3 Enzyme histochemistry -- Introduction -- Structure and classification -- Preservation and preparation -- Histochemical techniques -- Diagnostic applications of enzyme histochemistry -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Immunohistochemistry -- Introduction -- Direct methods -- Indirect methods -- Multi-stage methods -- Applications of immunohistochemistry -- Quality control -- Automation -- Imaging -- Further reading -- 5 Electron microscopy in pathology -- Introduction -- Principles of EM technique and organization -- Applications of transmission electron microscopy -- Specialized techniques and procedures -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- 6 Light microscopy -- Introduction -- Basic microscope design -- Types of microscopy -- Photomicrography -- Further reading -- 7 Quantitative methods in tissue pathology -- Introduction -- Methods -- Applications of measurement in diagnostic pathology -- Automation in tissue histology -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- 8 Proliferation markers in histopathology -- Introduction -- Proliferation markers -- Practical use of markers -- Method of evaluation -- In conclusion -- Further reading -- SECTION 2 CYTOLOGY -- 9 Cytopathology -- Introduction.

Types of cytology specimen -- Smearing techniques -- Specimen fixation -- Cell concentration techniques -- Staining methods -- Cytodiagnosis -- Cytomorphology -- Accuracy and limitations of cytology -- Gynaecological cytopathology and cervical screening -- Quality assurance in diagnostic cytology -- Further reading -- SECTION 3 MICROBIOLOGY - BACTERIOLOGY -- 10 Microscopy in bacteriology: application and sample preparation -- Introduction -- Light microscopy -- Fluorescence microscopy -- Specimens for microscopy -- Examination of unstained specimens by transmitted light -- Examination of unstained specimens using darkground illumination -- Staining of specimens -- Further reading -- 11 Culture media in bacteriology -- Culture media in microbiology -- Formulation of culture media -- Enrichment and selection in fluid media -- Chemically defined culture media versus complex undefined media -- Growth environmental factors -- Water activity (a(w)) -- Storage of culture media -- Quality tests -- The future of culture media -- Quantal microbiology -- Further reading -- 12 Identification of bacteria -- Introduction -- Direct identification -- Identification following culture -- Identification of bacteria of medical importance -- Further reading -- 13 Automated tests in bacteriology -- Introduction -- Blood culture systems -- Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and identification systems -- Urine screening systems -- Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems for mycobacteria -- Comment -- Further reading -- 14 Bacteriology molecular techniques: sample preparation and application -- The need for molecular methods -- Sample preparation -- Amplification -- Quality control -- Current practice -- Epidemiology and typing -- Problems with molecular methods -- Future application -- Further reading -- 15 Other tests in bacteriology.

Introduction -- Tests for antibody -- Tests for Antigen -- Antigen-specific immune complex testing -- Other tests -- Future developments -- Further reading -- 16 Control of antimicrobial chemotherapy -- Introduction -- General principles of laboratory control of chemotherapy -- Sensitivity testing -- Automation -- Hospital control and clinical liaison -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- SECTION 4 MICROBIOLOGY - VIROLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY -- 17 Microscopy in virology: application and sample preparation -- Introduction -- Histopathology: inclusion bodies and multinucleate giant cells -- Virology -- Immunofluorescence -- Microscopic examination of cell cultures -- Developments -- Acknowledgements -- Further reading -- 18 Electron microscopy in virology -- Introduction -- Methods -- Uses of electron microscopy -- Virology laboratory -- Rapid emergency response -- Newly emerging viruses -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 19 Tissue culture -- Introduction -- Choice of cell cultures -- Preparation of cell cultures -- Clinical specimens for virus isolation -- Identification of virus growth -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 20 Serological tests in virology -- Introduction -- Principles -- Techniques -- Interpretation and use of serological tests -- Future of serology -- Further reading -- 21 Automated tests in virology -- Introduction -- How automation works in the diagnostic laboratory -- Should the Laboratory Automate? -- Other developments in automation -- Conclusions -- Further reading -- 22 Molecular techniques in virology -- Introduction -- Nucleic acid amplification techniques -- Sequence analysis -- Summary -- Further reading -- 23 Virology: other tests -- Detection of prion infection -- Diagnosis -- Antiviral susceptibility tests -- Cell-mediated immunity -- Further reading -- 24 Mycology -- Introduction -- Microscopic examination.

Culture -- Identification -- Serological tests -- New directions in diagnosis -- Further reading -- 25 Parasitology -- Introduction -- Microscopy -- Wet mounts -- Films and smears -- Histopathology -- Fluorescence -- Electron microscopy -- Culture -- Animal infection -- Xenodiagnosis -- Serology -- Molecular methods -- Further reading -- SECTION 5 HAEMATOLOGY -- 26 Blood cell and bone marrow morphology -- Peripheral blood morphology -- Examination of bone marrow and bone marrow morphology -- Non-haemopoietic cells and parasites in blood and marrow -- Further reading -- 27 Principles of automated blood cell counters -- Introduction -- Hb measurement -- Red cell measurements -- Reticulocyte and nucleated RBC measurement -- Nucleated RBCs -- White cell measurements -- Further reading -- 28 Methods for the identification of the haemoglobinopathies -- Introduction -- Screening techniques -- Laboratory diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies and thalassaemias -- Detection, identification and quantitation of haemglobinopathies -- Acknowledgements -- Further reading -- 29 Special von Willebrand factor investigations -- Introduction -- Phenotypic tests -- Genotypic tests for mutation identification -- Further reading -- 30 Platelet investigations -- Introduction -- Structure and function -- Platelet counting -- Platelet antibodies -- Bleeding time -- Platelet adhesion -- Investigations of platelet aggregation -- Platelet function analyser PFA-100 -- Investigations into platelet release -- Flow cytometry -- Thromboelastogram -- Further reading -- 31 A hospital transfusion service -- Blood group identification -- Methods for blood grouping -- Antibody screening -- Cross-matching -- Transfusion practice -- Further reading -- 32 Flow cytometry and molecular biology in haematology -- Introduction -- Flow cytometry and immunophenotyping.

Assessment of platelet function by flow cytometry -- Molecular biology in haematology -- Summary -- Further reading -- 33 Haematinic investigations -- Cobalamin (vitamin B(12)) and folate -- Iron -- Summary -- Further reading -- 34 Laboratory investigation of haemolysis -- Introduction -- Clinical features -- Haemolytic disorders -- Endpiece -- Further reading -- 35 Laboratory investigation of haemostasis -- Introduction -- Prothrombin time -- Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) -- Thrombin time -- Reptilase time -- Fibrinogen -- D-dimer assays and FDPs -- Factor assays -- Markers of activated coagulation -- Automated coagulation -- Further reading -- SECTION 6 CYTOGENETICS -- 36 Chromosome banding and analysis -- Introduction -- Chromosome banding -- Chromosome analysis -- Further reading -- 37 Fluorescence in situ hybridization -- Choice of probe -- Labelling of probes -- Hybridization -- Detection of hybridized probe -- Applications in basic research -- Applications in medical genetics -- Applications in cancer diagnosis and research -- Further reading -- SECTION 7 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY -- 38 Acquisition, uses and interpretation of clinical biochemical data -- Introduction -- Sample collection and analysis -- The interpretation of laboratory data -- Evidence-based clinical biochemistry -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- 39 Immunoassay in clinical biochemistry -- Introduction -- Assay design -- Assay conditions and calibrators -- Labels -- Homogeneous assays -- Separation methods -- Automation -- Miniaturization -- Calculation of results -- Accuracy and precision -- Quality control -- Specificity, cross-reactivity and interference -- High-dose hook effect -- Further reading -- 40 Ion-selective electrodes -- Introduction -- Theory -- Specificity-how electrodes are made selective -- Electrochemical reactions -- Glucose electrodes.

Electrochemical detectors.

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